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National Shipyard
In the United Kingdom, the National Shipyards were proposed, and partially completed, by the coalition government led by David Lloyd George during the First World War.
Three shipyards were proposed: National Shipyard No.1 at Chepstow; National Shipyard No.2 at Beachley; and National Shipyard No.3 at Portbury. All were located within of each other, on the River Wye and the Severn estuary. The initiative to establish the shipyards in 1917 followed heavy losses of Allied merchant ships, principally through German U-boat attacks, but in the event only one ship was completed before the end of the war, and the exercise was heavily criticised as a waste of money.
==The initiative==
During 1916, in the First World War, large numbers of British merchant ships, amounting to over 300,000 tons of ships each month, were being destroyed by German U-boat attacks in the Atlantic Ocean. The only counter-measure was limited and largely ineffectual aerial detection of U-boats by airships, and the Government resolved to build more cargo ships quickly so as to help maintain supply routes.〔Naylor Firth, "Chepstow Ships of World War I", ''The Monmouthshire Antiquary'', vol.28, 2012, pp.83-115〕 In May 1917, Sir Eric Geddes was appointed as First Lord of the Admiralty, and later that year the War Cabinet, acting under the Defence of the Realm Act 1914, agreed to establish several National Shipyards.〔( Hansard, 12 November 1917, vol 99 cc39-40 ). Accessed 23 February 2012〕 These were to be built so as to construct large numbers of "standard" cargo ships as rapidly as possible. Three shipyards were proposed to be built at Chepstow, Beachley and Portbury, on the rivers Wye and Severn,〔( Gathering the Jewels: National Shipyards, Chepstow ). Accessed 23 February 2012〕 with a total of 41 slipways.〔〔( Hansard, 20 March 1918, vol 104 cc1030-1 ). Accessed 23 February 2012〕 The intention was to develop 8 berths at Chepstow, 18 at Beachley, 8 at Portbury, and a further 7 at Chepstow through taking over the adjacent Finch's Yard.〔( Hansard HC Deb 19 May 1919 vol 116 cc79-162 ). Accessed 23 February 2012〕
It was intended to develop the yards for the construction of prefabricated ships of the "N" design.〔 Parts would be manufactured in other parts of the country, and moved to the shipyards by rail for assembly.〔 The first ships were scheduled to be launched in October 1918.〔( Hansard, 15 November 1917, vol 99 cc577-9 ). Accessed 23 February 2012〕 The shipyards themselves were to be built by Royal Engineers and German prisoners of war,〔( Hansard, 5 June 1918, vol 106 c1551 ). Accessed 23 February 2012〕 with the ships being assembled by civilian labour.〔( Hansard, 10 July 1918 vol 108 cc286-91 ). Accessed 23 February 2012〕 In March 1918 Geddes stated that the monthly output of British shipbuilding yards would have to be nearly doubled before the monthly rate of sinking was made good.〔( Keith Grieves, ''Sir Eric Geddes: business and government in war and peace'', Manchester University Press, 1989, pp.41-43, ISBN 0-7190-2345-9 ). Accessed 23 February 2012〕〔(www.1911encyclopedia.org Sir Eric Campbell Geddes ). Accessed 23 February 2012〕
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